The Pope’s 87th birthday marks the culmination of a significant year dedicated to church reform and solidifying his legacy

Pope Francis celebrated his 87th birthday on Sunday, marking the end of a year filled with significant efforts to reform the Catholic Church, as well as health concerns that have prompted questions about his future in the papacy.

On his birthday, Francis enjoyed a cake during a cheerful audience with children and received birthday greetings in St. Peter’s Square. His birthday was preceded by a significant event on Saturday, where a Vatican tribunal, part of Francis’ financial reform initiative, issued mixed verdicts in a trial, convicting Cardinal Angelo Becciu of embezzlement.

Historians note that only seven popes have been older than Francis at the time of their death. Pope Gregory XII, who resigned at age 88½ to end the Western Schism, is one of them. Francis has spoken about possibly resigning if his health hinders his duties but has also emphasized the lifelong nature of the papal role.

Francis’ health has been a concern this year, with two instances of acute bronchitis resulting in hospital stays and canceled events, including the Good Friday procession and a trip to the U.N. climate conference in Dubai. His history of lung surgery and recent respiratory issues have raised questions about his ability to endure the demands of the papacy.

This year also saw the death of Pope Benedict XVI, which removed the presence of a more conservative pope and may free up Francis to advance his reform agenda more aggressively.

Francis has initiated a synod focusing on making the Church more inclusive and responsive, with calls for women to play significant roles in church decision-making. The next phase of this synod is set for October 2024.

Additionally, Francis appointed a progressive theologian as the Vatican’s chief doctrine watchdog, signaling potential shifts in church teachings. This year, he has also begun addressing his conservative critics, including exiling Archbishop Georg Gaenswein, removing Bishop Joseph Strickland of Tyler, Texas, and cutting ties with Cardinal Raymond Burke.

These actions are seen as part of Francis’ broader effort to leave a lasting legacy, particularly through the synod. Experts suggest that the success of the synod will likely define his papacy. With his health concerns and the recent passing of Pope Benedict XVI, Francis appears more focused on his legacy, with the synod playing a central role in his plans for the future.